Evolución de los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crítica / Prognosis of patients with critical hepatic disease

INTRODUCTION: The acute liver failure on chronic (ACLF), is an entity, whose recognition is increasing. The ACLF and CLIF OF indexes have been recently presented with the objective of predicting mortality in this kind of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients admitted to the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital diagnosed of acute liver failure on chronic during 2016 and 2017 were collected. We collect the scores: SOFA, CLIF, APACHE II, SAPS II and ACLF score in patients admitted to the ICU by comparing them with each other and define which stages have worse prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were collected. The study presents an intra ICU mortality of 31% (15/46) and a six-month mortality of 59.6% (28/46). Patients classified as death, present ACLF values ​​at admission (49.5 vs 60 p = 0.001), and at three days (46.66 vs 59.4 p = 0.001) higher than survivors. In the analysis of the ROC curve, the area under the curve in relation to six-month mortality is higher in the ACLF index (0.8) compared to the MELD (0.69) SOFA (0.66) SAPS II (0.69) or APACHE II (0.65). Patients with ACLF indexes above 65 had an intra UCI mortality of 54%, however, mortality at 6 months is 90%. Patients with ACLF values ​​greater than 65 present mean values ​​of lactic acid, leukocytes, INR or bilirubin higher than those under 65 in a statistically significant manner. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study suggest that the ACLF index works as an adequate predictor of intra-ICU mortality and at 6 months.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico es una entidad cuyo reconocimiento va en aumento. Los índices ACLF y CLIF OF, han sido presentados recientemente con el objetivo de predecir la mortalidad en este tipo de enfermos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se recogen todos los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital terciario universitario, diagnosticados de fallo hepático agudo sobre crónico durante 2016 y 2017. Recogemos los índices SOFA, CLIF, APACHE II, SAPS II Y ACLF en pacientes ingresados en UCI comparándolos entre sí. Definimos que estadios presentan peor pronóstico. RESULTADOS: Se analizan un total de 46 pacientes. El estudio presenta una mortalidad intra-UCI del 31% (15/46) y una mortalidad a los seis meses de 59,6% (28/46). Los pacientes clasificados como éxitus presentan valores ACLF al ingreso (49,5 vs 60 p = 0,001), a los tres días (46,66 vs 59,4 p = 0,001) superiores a los supervivientes. En el análisis de la curva COR, el área bajo la curva en relación a la mortalidad a los seis meses, es superior en el índice ACLF (0,8) en comparación con el MELD (0,69) SOFA (0,66) SAPS II (0,69) o APACHE II (0,65). Los pacientes con índices ACLF superiores a 65 presentaban una mortalidad intra-UCI del 54% sin embargo, la mortalidad a los 6 meses es del 90%. Los pacientes con valores ACLF superiores a 65 presentan a su vez valores medios de láctico, leucocitos, INR o bilirrubina mayores de forma estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos presentados en este estudio sugieren que el índice ACLF funciona como un adecuado predictor de mortalidad intra-UCI y a los 6 meses.

Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study / Abuso de Álcool após Síndrome Coronariana Aguda: Avaliação Prospectiva no Estudo ERICO

Background: Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial. Objective: To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study). Methods: 146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that. Results: The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)]. Conclusion: Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype. .

Fundamento: Alguns estudos identificaram que o abuso de álcool contribui para o desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular, em particular doença arterial coronariana. Tal relação, no entanto, é controversa. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre abuso de álcool após síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) na Estratégia de Registro de Insuficiência Coronariana (ERICO). Métodos: 146 participantes do ERICO responderam questionários estruturados e foram submetidos a avaliações laboratoriais nas condições basais e 30 dias e 180 dias após SCA. Aplicou-se o Questionário AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) para avaliar o consumo prejudicial de álcool nos 12 meses anteriores à SCA (entrevista 30 dias após a SCA) e seis meses após a SCA. Resultados: As frequências de abuso de álcool foram 24,7% e 21,1% nos 12 meses anteriores à SCA e seis meses após, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais significativos associados com alto risco de abuso de álcool 30 dias após o evento agudo foram: sexo masculino (88,9%), tabagismo atual (52,8%) e hipertensão (58,3%). Seis meses após o evento agudo, os resultados mais significativos foram replicados em regressão logística para a associação de abuso de álcool e indivíduos mais jovens [35-44 anos, RC multivariada: 38,30 (IC 95%: 1,44-1012,56); e 45-54 anos, RC multivariada: 10,10 (IC 95%: 1,06-96,46)] e fumantes [fumantes atuais, RC multivariada: 51,09 (IC 95%: 3,49-748,01); e ex-fumantes, RC multivariada: 40,29 (IC 95%: 2,37-685,93)]. Conclusão: Indivíduos com menos de 54 anos e fumantes apresentaram uma significativa relação com consumo prejudicial de álcool, a despeito do subtipo de SCA. .

¿Influye el medio de preservación del injerto en los resultados y costos del trasplante hepático de donante fallecido?: Comparación de dos soluciones de preservación / Outcomes using two preservation solutions (UW/HTK) in liver transplantation from brain death donors

Background: Preservation solutions are critical for organ transplantation. In liver transplant (LT), the solution developed by the University Of Wisconsin (UW) is the gold-standard to perfuse deceased brain death donor (DBD) grafts. Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK), formerly a cardioplegic infusion, has been also used in solid organ transplantation. Aim: To compare the outcomes of LT in our center using either HTK or UW solution. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study including 93 LT DBD liver grafts in 89 patients transplanted between March 1994 and July 2010. Forty-eight grafts were preserved with UW and 45 with HTK. Donor and recipient demographics, total infused volume, cold ischemia time, post-reperfusion biopsy, liver function tests, incidence of biliary complications, acute rejection and 12-month graft and patient survival were assessed. Preservation solution costs per liver graft were also recorded. Results: Donor and recipient demographics were similar. When comparing UW and HTK, no differences were observed in cold ischemia time (9.6 ± 3 and 8.7 ± 2 h respectively, p = 0.23), biliary complications, the incidence of acute rejection, primary or delayed graft dysfunction. Histology on post-reperfusion biopsies revealed no differences between groups. The infused volume was significantly higher with HTK than with UW (9 (5-16) and 6 (3-11) l, p < 0.001). The cost per procurement was remarkably lower using HTK. Conclusions: Perfusion of DBD liver grafts with HTK is clinically equivalent to UW, with a significant cost reduction.

Effects of endotoxin on liver Smac apoptosis channel / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To study the effect of endotoxin on liver apoptosis, L02 liver cells were cultured and passaged in vitro, and then stimulated by endotoxin at 10 mg/mL for 4, 8, 16 and 24 h respectively. Liver apoptosis was flow cytometrically and fluorescently detected. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the delivery of smac and caspase9. The delivery of liver cell smac and the activity of caspase3 were measured by caspase3 assay kit. The hepatic failure models of rats were established by using D-galactosamine. The blood serum and liver tissues were collected for the detection of the liver function, the level of endotoxin and the activity of caspase3 by using chromogenic substrate limulus amebocyte lysate method (LAL) and caspase3 active assay kit. The expression of smac and caspase9 in liver cells was detected by Western blotting. With in vitro study, the L02 cells stimulated by LPS condensed into conglobation and formed apoptotic bodies. After those cells were stained by hoechst, the apoptotic cells displayed blue color under the fluorescent microscope. The apoptosis rate was increased over time and the apoptosis was mainly of advanced stage. Meanwhile, the rate of smac delivery and activity of caspase9 and caspase3 were increased on L02 cell membrane. In vivo, hepatic failure and obvious endotoxemia were induced by injection of more than 200 mg/kg D-GalN. Hepatic mitochondria smac was reduced with dosage of D-GalN and, on the contrary, the activity of caspase3 was increased. D-GalN at 200 mg/kg increased Caspase9 while D-GalN at 300 mg/kg decreased caspase9. Mitochondria signal channel plays an important role in the endotoxin-induced apoptosis of hepatic cells by promoting the release of smac from mitochondria to cytoplasm and activating caspase9 and caspase3 in its low-level channel.

Failure of hepatitis B surface antibody to protect acute fulminating hepatitis in a renal transplant recipient.

A 58-year-old man who had a living-related kidney transplantation (KT) 13 years ago and had received a double-dosage course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination prior to KT developed acute liver failure. An exhaustive work-up for the cause of acute liver failure revealed that HBsAg was negative but anti-HBs and anti-HBcAbs were positive. HBV DNA was 535,000 copies/ml. The strongly positive staining of HBsAg and HBcAg of liver biopsy was shown by immunohistochemistry examination. HBV harboring surface mutant of hepatitis B surface gene was thought to be the cause of acute fulminant hepatitis despite the presence of protective immunity to wild-type HBV. The patient expired from acute liver failure even though an antiviral drug was started promptly. This is the first case report of liver biopsy suggestive of acute fulminating HBV that developed in a long-term kidney recipient despite the presence of high anti-HBsAb titer.